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''Volvopluteus gloiocephalus,'' commonly known as the big sheath mushroom, rose-gilled grisette, or stubble rosegill, is a species of mushroom in the family Pluteaceae. For most of the 20th century it has been known under the names ''Volvariella gloiocephala'' or ''Volvariella speciosa'', but recent molecular studies have placed it as the type species of the genus ''Volvopluteus'', newly created in 2011. The cap of this mushroom is about in diameter, varies from white to grey or grey-brown, and is markedly sticky when fresh. The gills start out as white but they soon turn pink. The stipe is white and has a sack-like volva at the base. Microscopical features and DNA sequence data are of great importance for separating ''V. gloiocephalus'' from related species. ''V. gloiocephalus'' is a saprotrophic fungus that grows on grassy fields and accumulations of organic matter like compost or woodchips piles. It has been reported from all continents except Antarctica. == Taxonomy == This taxon has a long and convoluted nomenclatural history. It was originally described as ''Agaricus gloiocephalus'' by Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1815〔 and later sanctioned under this name by Elias Magnus Fries in 1821.〔 The French mycologist Claude Gillet transferred it in 1878〔 to the genus ''Volvaria'' erected by Paul Kummer just a few years earlier in 1871.〔 The name ''Volvaria'' was already taken, as it had been coined by De Candolle for a genus of lichens in 1805.〔 The generic name ''Volvariella'', proposed by the Argentinean mycologist Carlos Luis Spegazzini in 1899,〔 would eventually be adopted for this group in 1953 after a proposal to conserve Kummer’s ''Volvaria'' against De Candolle’s ''Volvaria'' was rejected by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi〔 established under the principles of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. }} }} |caption=Phylogenetic relationships between ''Volvopluteus gloiocephalus'' and related species as inferred from ITS data.〔 }} Despite the generic name ''Volvariella'' being adopted in 1953 the name ''Volvariella gloiocephala'' did not exist until 1986, when the placement of the species in that genus was formally proposed by mycologists Teun Boekhout and Manfred Enderle.〔 The reason for this long interval is that most 20th-century mycologists working on ''Volvariella'' (e.g. Rolf Singer, Robert L. Shaffer, Robert Kühner, Henri Romagnesi) considered the epithet "''gloiocephalus''" to represent a variety with dark basidiocarps of another species of ''Volvariella'', viz. ''Volvariella speciosa,'' that has white basidiocarps, and therefore would use the name ''Volvariella speciosa'' var. ''gloiocephala'' to refer to this taxon. Boekhout & Enderle showed that white and dark basidiocarps can arise from the same mycelium, and that the epithets "''gloiocephalus''" proposed by De Candolle in 1815 and "''speciosa''" proposed by Fries in 1818〔 should be considered to represent the same species with the former having nomenclatural priority.〔 In 1996 Boekhout and Enderle designated a neotype to serve as a representative example of the species.〔 The phylogenetic study of Justo and colleagues showed that ''Volvariella gloiocephala'' and related taxa are a separate clade from the majority of the species traditionally classified in ''Volvariella'' and therefore another name change was necessary, now as the type species of the newly proposed genus ''Volvopluteus''.〔 The epithet ''gloiocephalus'' comes from the Greek terms ''gloio'' (γλοία = glue or glutinous substance) and ''cephalus'' (κέφαλος = head) meaning "with a sticky head" making reference to the viscid cap surface. It is commonly known as the "big sheath mushroom",〔 "rose-gilled grisette"〔 or the "stubble rosegill".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Volvopluteus gloiocephalus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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